Themes In Once And Future King Essay Example For Students

Themes In Once And Future King Essay T. H. Whites The Once and Future King is one of the most complete and unique portrayals of the immortal legend of King Arthur. Though it has been in print for less than half a century, it has already been declared a classic by many, and is often referred to as the bible of Arthurian legend. White recreates the epic saga of King Arthur, from his childhood education and experiences until his very death, in a truly insightful and new way. This is not, however, the first complete novel of Arthurs life. In the fifteenth century, Sir Thomas Malory wrote Morte dArthur, the first complete tale of Arthurs life. Since then, a countless number of books have been written on the subject, yet none can compare to The Once and Future King. It has easily become the most popular of all the Arthurian novels as it is loved by both children and adults. Though similar in many ways to other works of the same subject, such as Malorys, White gives new details, meanings, and insightful modernization to the st ory, giving it an earthy quality which the reader can identify with. Whites rendering of the Arthurian legend differs from the traditional versions in that he includes contemporary knowledge and concepts, adds new stories and characters to the legend, and provides new perspectives by probing deeper into the existing tales. We will write a custom essay on Themes In Once And Future King specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now AnachronismIt is the contemporary tone in The Once and Future King, which gives the novel its present-day feeling. This helps the reader to relate to the story, rather than placing it in strictly within the context of the Arthurian period. For example, early in the novel Eton College is referred to, which White then points out was not founded until 1440, but the place was nevertheless of the same sort(4). Another example of anachronism can be found during a discussion between Merlyn and Wart, when Merlyn exclaims Castor and Pollux blow me to Bermuda! (86). During the days of Arthur, Bermuda was an unknown place, and would not be discovered until the fifteenth century. Though these references have no true significance to the plot of the story, White uses anachronism as a device to aid the reader in association with the context. And, as in other of Whites novels, the authors presence is apparent (Fries 260), giving the feeling of an oral storytelling. These almost too frequent historic al tangents are designed to underline the anachronism of the teller (Fries 260). White also uses anachronism to convey a more penetrating idea; relating the life of Arthur to modern society. Whites novel constitutes his search for answers to the problems of the modern world. When Merlyn and Wart are discussing knighthood, Wart expresses his desire to encounter all the evil in the world so that if I conquered there would be none left. Merlyn then insightfully replies that that would be extremely presumptuous, and he would be conquered for it (184). In this, White is conveying the notion that society cannot be governed by might alone. Stephen Dunn exposes the concept that Whites world is still the world as we, unfortunately, know it (367). Merlyns relations of contemporary British fox hunting to medieval war make this evident. Merlyn educates Wart to expose him to faults present in society so that he may correct them when he becomes king. These faults are still present in todays society, which is precisely the point White is making. T. H. Whites The Once and Future King is one of the most complete and unique portrayals of the immortal legend of King Arthur. Though it has been in print for less than half a century, it has already been declared a classic by many, and is often referred to as the bible of Arthurian legend. White recreates the epic saga of King Arthur, from his childhood education and experiences until his very death, in a truly insightful and new way. This is not, however, the first complete novel of Arthurs life. In the fifteenth century, Sir Thomas Malory wrote Morte dArthur, the first complete tale of Arthurs life. Since then, a countless number of books have been written on the subject, yet none can compare to The Once and Future King. It has easily become the most popular of all the Arthurian novels, as both children and adults love it. Though similar in many ways to other works of the same subject, such as Malorys, White gives new details, meanings, and insightful modernization to the story, g iving it an earthy quality, which the reader can identify with. Whites rendering of the Arthurian legend differs from the traditional versions in that he includes contemporary knowledge and concepts, adds new stories and characters to the legend, and provides new perspectives by probing deeper into the existing tales. .ud95dfc6251a2a46d267bd7d275351c50 , .ud95dfc6251a2a46d267bd7d275351c50 .postImageUrl , .ud95dfc6251a2a46d267bd7d275351c50 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ud95dfc6251a2a46d267bd7d275351c50 , .ud95dfc6251a2a46d267bd7d275351c50:hover , .ud95dfc6251a2a46d267bd7d275351c50:visited , .ud95dfc6251a2a46d267bd7d275351c50:active { border:0!important; } .ud95dfc6251a2a46d267bd7d275351c50 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ud95dfc6251a2a46d267bd7d275351c50 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ud95dfc6251a2a46d267bd7d275351c50:active , .ud95dfc6251a2a46d267bd7d275351c50:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ud95dfc6251a2a46d267bd7d275351c50 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ud95dfc6251a2a46d267bd7d275351c50 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ud95dfc6251a2a46d267bd7d275351c50 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ud95dfc6251a2a46d267bd7d275351c50 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ud95dfc6251a2a46d267bd7d275351c50:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ud95dfc6251a2a46d267bd7d275351c50 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ud95dfc6251a2a46d267bd7d275351c50 .ud95dfc6251a2a46d267bd7d275351c50-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ud95dfc6251a2a46d267bd7d275351c50:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Parts of a Holy Mass EssayAnachronismIt is the contemporary tone in The Once and Future King, which gives the novel its present-day feeling. This helps the reader to relate to the story, rather than placing it in strictly within the context of the Arthurian period. For example, early in the novel Eton College is referred to, which White then points out was not founded until 1440, but the place was nevertheless of the same sort(4). Another example of anachronism can be found during a discussion between Merlyn and Wart, when Merlyn exclaims Castor and Pollux blow me to Bermuda! (86). During the days of Arthur, Bermuda was an unknown place, and would not be discovered until t he fifteenth century. Though these references have no true significance to the plot of the story, White uses anachronism as a device to aid the reader in association with the context. And, as in other of Whites novels, the authors presence is apparent (Fries 260), giving the feeling of an oral storytelling. These almost too frequent historical tangents are designed to underline the anachronism of the teller (Fries 260). White also uses anachronism to convey a more penetrating idea; relating the life of Arthur to modern society. Whites novel constitutes his search for answers to the problems of the modern world. When Merlyn and Wart are discussing knighthood, Wart expresses his desire to encounter all the evil in the world so that if I conquered there would be none left. Merlyn then insightfully replies that that would be extremely presumptuous, and he would be conquered for it (184). In this, White is conveying the notion that society cannot be governed by might alone. Stephen Dunn exposes the concept that Whites world is still the world as we, unfortunately, know it (367). This is made evident by Merlyns relations of contemporary British fox hunting to medieval war. Merlyn educates Wart to expose him to faults present in society so that he may correct them when he becomes king. These faults are still present in todays society, which is precisely the point White is making. T. H. White also conquers the task of avoiding a monotonous recreation of the Arthurian legend by adding new and unique characters and stories in his novel. The addition of King Pellinore for example is unique to The Once and Future King. When White first introduces Pellinore, he is fumbling with his glasses, falls off his horse to search for them visor shutting in the process, and exclaimed Oh, dear!' (16). Pellinore appears throughout the novel at the traditional medieval events and plays a key role in Warts education. Sirol Hugh-Jones credits White with saying that he has developed a love affair with King Pellinorethe only addition to Malory (ix). White creates the character of King Pellinore to exhibit the farce of medieval custom, much as Miguel de Cervantes does with Don Quixote, as well as creating comic relief. White tries to eliminate the problem of strict reverence by adding characters such as Pellinore. In addition to new characters, White adds new adventures as well. In Arthurian novels of the past, Warts education was not a prominent event. However, as C. M. Adderly writes, education is the theme which most clearly gives The Once and Future King its structure (55). Warts education gives Whites novel an overlay in theme of the advancement of the human nature. Merlyn tells Wart the best thing for being sad is to learn something (185). The best thing for being sad, replied Merlyn, beginning to puff and blow, is to learn something. Thats the only thing that never fails. You may grow old and trembling in your anatomies, you may lie awake at night listening to the disorder of your veins, you may miss your only love, you may see the world about you devastated by evil lunatics, or know your honour trampled in the sewers of baser minds. There is only one thing for it then to learn. Learn why the world wags and what wags it. That is the only thing, which the mind can never exhaust, never alienate, and never be tortured by, never fear or distrust, and never dream of regretting. Learning is the only thing for you. Look what a lot of things there are to learn.White puts a great deal of emphasis on the education of Wart because it is through this that the character of Arthur, along with his personality, morals, and virtue are defined. This stress of education in The Once and Future King is unique, and sets it apart from the t raditional Arthurian legend. .ua9e5ed35fad336b366837b5cc008219c , .ua9e5ed35fad336b366837b5cc008219c .postImageUrl , .ua9e5ed35fad336b366837b5cc008219c .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ua9e5ed35fad336b366837b5cc008219c , .ua9e5ed35fad336b366837b5cc008219c:hover , .ua9e5ed35fad336b366837b5cc008219c:visited , .ua9e5ed35fad336b366837b5cc008219c:active { border:0!important; } .ua9e5ed35fad336b366837b5cc008219c .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ua9e5ed35fad336b366837b5cc008219c { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ua9e5ed35fad336b366837b5cc008219c:active , .ua9e5ed35fad336b366837b5cc008219c:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ua9e5ed35fad336b366837b5cc008219c .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ua9e5ed35fad336b366837b5cc008219c .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ua9e5ed35fad336b366837b5cc008219c .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ua9e5ed35fad336b366837b5cc008219c .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ua9e5ed35fad336b366837b5cc008219c:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ua9e5ed35fad336b366837b5cc008219c .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ua9e5ed35fad336b366837b5cc008219c .ua9e5ed35fad336b366837b5cc008219c-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ua9e5ed35fad336b366837b5cc008219c:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: autism EssayThe Once and Future King also varies from the traditional tale by probing deeper into the story, beyond the tradition, adding new perspectives and outlooks. Before, the legend of King Arthur was told more as a fairy tale. J. R. Cameron writes White has not adopted the stereotypical Middle Ages of most fiction (447). White uses the Arthurian legend to illustrate a historical pride of England, as well as a view of the progression of Aristotelian society. Also, White uses this view to expose faults in contemporary society. The past stories of Arthur had glorified him almost to the point of making him immortal. But White, when telling of the death of Arthur, writes that the fate of this man was less than a drop, although it was a sparkling one, in the great blue motion of the sunlit sea (677). White sees that the Arthurian legend is not so much the glorification of one man, but the basis and backbone of an entire country. White also redevelops and expands the characters of the Arthurian legend, giving the novel more consistency and allowing his readers to relate to these characters. White exposes the emotions and personalities of his characters, rather than just telling of their actions. White displays the characters emotions and feelings in order for them to be acceptable to the twentieth century reader (Cameron 447). After Wart pulls the sword from the anvil in the churchyard, making him the king of England, he is regarded with much reverence by his companions and even his family. Observing this, he declares Oh, dear, I wish I had never seen that filthy sword at all. After this the Wart also burst into tears (210). White shows the emotions and feelings of Wart and gives a sense of reality to this character. J. R. Cameron writes that Malory made no attempt to analyze the characters; Tennyson robbed his characters of most of their reality (447). White, however, gave much depth and realness to his char acters, setting The Once and Future King apart from other versions of the Arthurian legend. HumorAnother important addition by White to the legend of Arthur is that of humor. The Arthurian legend has been told with so much reverence and importance for many centuries. White, however, adds humor to the story, giving his novel versatility. Stephen Dunn writes White said that humor was put in to make the moral and philosophical pillwhich, in all conscience, is a fairly bitter oneslide down more easily (365). White writes of the confrontation between King Pellinore and Sir Grummore Grummersom in an extremely humorous manner. During the course of their duel, the two constantly argue and bicker like children, They stood opposite each other for about half an hour, and walloped each other on the helm (63). Through this, White exposes the humor in chivalric life and gives the story a comedic quality. White also utilizes humor in the characterization of Merlyn. Merlyn, who is regarded in the novel as a very wise and intelligent person, is introduced as a disorganized, short-tempered old man. When Wart first encounters Merlyn, the great magician tries to conjure up a pencil and piece of paper, and humorously fails repeatedly. As a result of his frustration, he flies into a passion in which he said by-our-lady quite often (28). This depiction of Merlyn shows his amusing and funny personality, which White exposes throughout the novel. The frequent use of comedy gives Whites novel a unique twist which cannot be found in the traditional versions of the story. When T. H. White decided to write The Once and Future King, he realized that his task would be an ambitious one. He faced the challenge of telling a tale which has been present for centuries, in a new way which would make it of interest to readers. His recreation of the Arthurian legend more than lives up to that challenge. The addition of new themes, anachronism, characters such as King Pellinore, and new adventures gives the novel a unique flair without straying too far from the traditional legend. The deeper interpretations of the characters and events in the story provide for a truth and authenticity not to be found in similar works, and the sense of humor gives Whites novel an individual touch. T. H. Whites The Once and Future King is one of the best retellings of the Arthurian legend, and his additions to the tale create an invigorating and entertaining combination, ranking it among the most popular and best read of all.

Munchausen Syndrome Essay Example

Munchausen Syndrome Essay Example Munchausen Syndrome Essay Munchausen Syndrome Essay Munchausen Syndrome 1 Running head: Munchausen Syndrome Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy 5 References Author: Ibrahim Abdulhamid, MD, Assistant Professor of Pediatrics, Wayne State University; Director of Pediatric Pulmonary Medicine, Clinical Director of Pediatric Sleep Laboratory, Childrens Hospital of Michigan Coauthor(s): Patricia T Siegel, PhD, Assistant Professor, Departments of Pediatrics, Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine Contributor Information and Disclosures Updated: Mar 26, 2008 Mary E. Muscari, PhD, CPNP, APRN-BC Experts And Viewpoint,  Medscape Nurses,  April  2008 Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy 2 Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy I chose to write my paper on Munchausen Syndrome by proxy because I find it very fascinating and disturbing that people could actually harm their children or themselves for attention. Munchausen syndrome is a condition in which a person intentionally fakes, simulates, worsens, or self-induces an injury or illness for the main purpose of  being treated like a medical patient. The term Munchausen syndrome is often used interchangeably with factitious disorder. Factitious disorder refers to any illness that is intentionally produced for the main purpose of assuming the sick role,  although that purpose is unknown  to the sick person. Munchausen syndrome most appropriately describes persons who have a chronic variant of a factitious disorder with mostly physical signs and symptoms, although there are reports regarding psychological Munchausen syndrome, meaning that the simulated symptoms are psychiatric. Persons with Munchausen syndrome intentionally cause signs and symptoms of an illness or injury by inflicting medical harm to their body, often to the point of having to be hospitalized. They may lie about or fake symptoms. They are sometimes eager to undergo invasive medical interventions. They are also known to move from doctor to doctor, hospital to hospital, or town to town to find a new audience once they have exhausted the workup and treatment options available in a given medical setting. Persons with Munchausen syndrome  may also make false claims about their accomplishments, credentials. A related condition, called Munchausen by proxy syndrome, refers to a caregiver who fakes symptoms by causing injury to someone else, often a child, and then wants to be with that person in a hospital or similar medical setting. Victims are equally divided between male and female, and children most at risk are those aged 15 months to 72 months. Older children subjected to Munchausen syndrome by proxy often collude with their mothers by confirming even the most unlikely stories about their medical histories, sometimes out of fear of contradicting their mothers and other times because of their mothers persuasion over time. Some of these children believe that they are ill with a mysterious disorder that the physicians Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy 3 cannot figure out. In other cases, the child is aware that the mothers explanation is improbable but fails to speak, fearing the mothers revenge or that no one will believe him or her. In mild Munchausen by proxy, affected individuals fabricate medical histories for their children and lie about their children being sick rather than actively causing sickness. Their motivation is the emotional gratification they receive from medical attention. In intense Munchausen syndrome by proxy, the person resorts to measures such as inducing vomiting, poisoning, removing blood from the child, and suffocation. The individual is able to induce severe illness in his or her own child, yet remain cooperative, concerned, and compassionate in the presence of healthcare providers. Perpetrators of MSBP may be help-seekers who search for medical attention for their children to communicate their own exhaustion, anxiety, or depression. Others may be active inducers who create their childs illnesses through dramatic measures. These parents are typically anxious, depressed, or paranoid. Finally, some may be doctor addicts who are obsessed with getting treatment for their childrens nonexistent illnesses. Perpetrators are frequently described as caring, attentive, and devoted individuals. Some can be hostile, emotionally labile, and obviously dishonest. Although they have no obvious psychopathology, perpetrators can be deceiving and manipulative. Their ability to convince others should not be underestimated. Their abuse is premeditated, calculated, and unprovoked and they are often fascinated with the medical field. Signs and symptoms that MSBP could be present includes pattern of illness and recurrent infections without physiologic explanations, bleeding from anticoagulants and poisons: use of the caretaker’s own blood, vomiting precipitated by ipecac administration, giving them laxatives to induce diarrhea or salt administration, applying caustic substances to cause rashes on the their skin, Hematuria or rectal bleeding from trauma, CNS depression caused by drug administration. Their illness is multisystemic, prolonged, unusual, or rare; they are also inappropriate or incongruent, the symptoms seem to disappear when the caretaker is absent, one parent is usually absent during the child’s Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy 4 hospitalization, parent is overly attached to the child, they seem to have medical knowledge/background, the child has a poor tolerance of the treatment, parent encourage doctors to perform numerous test. The causes of Munchausen syndrome are unknown. Some experts suggest that it is a defense mechanism against sexual and aggressive impulses. Others believe it may be a form of self-punishment. Determining an exact cause is difficult because persons with Munchausen syndrome are not open and honest about their condition, making research on them nearly impossible. With MSBP a diagnosis cannot be made quickly, this syndrome is difficult to detect and confirm. In some cases video surveillance in the hospital room has been recommended to capture a parents misbehavior when physical abuse of the child is suspected. In cases where symptoms have been exaggerated, hidden cameras may confirm that these symptoms do not exist. Conversely, video surveillance can also exonerate a suspected caregiver when the disease does, in fact, exist. Cameras may be used in highly suspicious circumstances, but should only be used in conjunction with carefully developed protocols that delineate the roles of child protective agencies, police, and hospital security in coordinating the use of covert surveillance systems As a health care orker I will be more able to identify the signs and symptoms,  determine the necessity and benefits of the medical care. During the assessment I will be able ask if the child’s medical condition is consistent with the mother’s description. Does the objective diagnostic evidence support the child’s reported medical condition? Has anyone witnessed the symptoms? Do the negative findings reassure the mother? Is the treatment being provided to the child primarily becaus e of the mother’s persistent demands? With this knowledge I will hopefully be able to recognize this syndrome and be a better nurse.

Nursing research paper Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Nursing research paper - Assignment Example of this research was to determine the effect of educating diabetic school children and their parents on the various coping skills for the diabetic patients. This was due to the consideration of the fact that, more than any other group, the diabetic children, more so those in adolescents had shown poor response to diabetic medication which according to researchers was as a result of lack of coping skills (Grey 2009). As such the question guiding this research was, â€Å"does the coping skills training (CST) influence the individuals responses to type 1 diabetes (T1D)?† In this research quantative methodology was used, whereby, the researchers established two groups of school children who were diagnosed with T1D. One of the groups was trained on the coping skills while the other was just given the general diabetic education (GE). However, there were certain requirements for the participants whereby they were required to: The researchers anticipated to use one hundred diabetic children as their most effective sample. However, they only managed to use 73 participants whereby, 53 children in the CST group and 20 in the GE group. In the determination of the results of the two groups, CST and GE, a correlation was established by the use of the standard deviation method, whereby 0.5 significance level, would have 98% power to detect a variance among the 2 group means of 04. 99% power to detect a variance among the 3 time means of .051, and 80% power to detect an interaction among the 2 group levels and the 3 time levels of .022, assuming that the common standard deviation is .04. However, this methodology was used on the assumption that the participants were a hundred as earlier intended. Additionally, descriptive statistics was used, whereby it was found that the majority of those who showed significance response to CST were predominately white and of high income (ibid). CST did not have the expected effect on child and family outcomes on the sample of school-aged

Working in Teams Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Working in Teams - Research Paper Example This paper describes the work in team and compares it with individual work. Teamwork has lately become one of the most essential ways in which work is being organized as organizations are increasingly delegating work responsibilities to work groups rather than individuals. Structural changes at the workplace such as the implementation of teams are more likely to increase efficiency while encouraging workers to work harder and smarter. Working in teams does yield better results over the efforts of any one individual because when a group of people works together actively, all their skills are harnessed effectively, thereby leading to the achievement of a common purpose. Individuals in the group are more confident about their abilities and are more willing to contribute their ideas because they will be enriched through the team member’s input. Unlike teams, individuals working on their own are often under pressure to perform that they may end up making simple mistakes that could easily avoided when working in teams. The team players can tolerate twice as much pressure as individuals working independently in rowing games. This analogy can as well be extended in a general team context, to explain that the pain threshold of individuals working in teams is much higher than that of independent workers, and this enables them to overcome challenges that come with work. In that respect, working in teams increases individuals’ competence to handle tasks as the members often build each other’s capacity with the sole purpose of enhancing the overall group performance.

Project Management has become so Financially Sensitive that all Essay

Project Management has become so Financially Sensitive that all Project Managers should be Qualified Accountants - Essay Example This essay examines the point that "Whether or not a project manager has to be a qualified accountant" A project is a team work and every single individual has to play his own part in it to utmost faith. Finance is very important for the success or failure of a project. In fact finance is the life blood of every project. So it becomes imperative that the project manager must have knowledge of the financial aspects of the project. He will be able to direct in a better way the accountants if the project manager is a qualified accountant. If a project manager has to function effectively then he/she has to understand every aspect of cost and also the timing with regard to recognition of cost. Cost affects both the project and also the financial performance of the corporate. The project manager's duty is to be aware of the various cost perceptions and way in which they have to be reported. This knowledge will help the project manager to control the cost of goods sold which is his/her sole financial responsibility. The project manager can also control the timing of cost so that cash flow and the total cost of the project improves. Apart from this he can also affect revenue expenses and its report in the Profit and Loss statement (Project Management Journal, June 1986, p372). The different organizational goals which require continuous improvement in the quality of services and goods supplied to a customer through close customer relationships has contributed to this changing environment. Project managers should therefore understand and be aware of the various financial aspects of a project (Lundsten, David J 2006). The field of Project Managers is developing rapidly. This field now has its own professional body, the Project Management Institute (PMI), and its own professional certification, Project Management Professional (PMP). A project manager's task is to hand over the project on time and also within the prescribed budget. Most project managers feel they are responsible towards the firm's profitability only to the extent and limitation of controlling the project cost. But this is not so, they are capable of doing even beyond that. As soon as the various costs of a project is recognized the project manager's responsibility and effectiveness is increased. Planning the expenses and the cost of the project and execution of the same by the project manager influences a company's profit. He has to take timely action of the range of cash flow, expenses, and reporting of revenue and expenses. Thus the project manager has to be well versed and have a total knowledge in the cost accounting practices which shape the firm's project cost reporting (Project Management Journal, June 1986, p375). Scrutiny of the distinctive project profit & loss statement (Table 1) depicts how a project when sold for profit is subjugated to costs apart from the projects' cost (cost of 4 goods sold). The project manager

Analysis of Freedom in Exile by the Dalai Lama

Analysis of Freedom in Exile by the Dalai Lama Assignment 03 Part 1 The Dalai Lama Read the following extracts from the Dalai Lamas autobiography Freedom in Exile. How does the way the Dalai Lama presents himself here relate to his reputation as discussed in AA 100 Book 1, Chapter 7? Dalai Lama describes himself as a simple monk from Tibet. I am no one special (Reading 7.2 in Waterhouse, 2008, p.224). No one had any idea that I might be anything other than an ordinary baby and certainly my family had no idea that I would be proclaimed Dalai Lama. We will be looking at the connection between the present-day Dalai Lama and his predecessors, as well as the reason why Tibetans regard him as a living Buddha. The most important Lama for the Tibetan is the Dalai Lama who has the highest religious status of its kind, and as politics and religion is combined in the Tibetan society, the Dalai Lama is also head of state. According to Tibetan tradition, it is believed the Dalai Lamas has the ability to choose their next incarnation, and even leave symbols and directions for the Panchen Lama, who is responsible for leading the search party to find the successor. Around the time when the present Dalai Lama was around three years old, the Government sent out a search party to look for the next incarnation of the previous Thirteenth Dalai Lama. One of the signs after the Thirteenth Dalai Lama had died, was that the head of his embalmed body had turned from facing south to north-east. Another sign was when Tibets Regent, a senior lama, went to Lhamoi Lhatso, a small oracle lake to seek visions to assist in the search and where he received clear visions of Tibetan letters and images. The method for identifying a reincarnated Lama is not specific. Different combination of divination is being used like interpreting dreams and omens, and consulting the Council of oracles. In the DVD-Video, (Searching for a Reincarnated Lama), we can see the Nechung Oracles medium be in a trance. This Buddhist ritual might in the western world be seen as both frightening and superstitious. However, this process is normal within Buddhist tradition and the way they con sult the Chief Oracle on important matters and finding the Dalai Lamas. The Tibetans believe Dalai Lama is a living Buddha as well as the religious figure of Bodhisattwas of compassion, whose qualities are wisdom, generosity and compassion. Free from anger, hatred and greed. Being a monk and teacher together with the combination of having the political role as the head of the Tibetan state, he has got the reputation as a god-king. (Waterhouse, 2008, p. 211) Dalai Lama won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1989 and has become a symbol for freedom. His gentle and charismatic way which have won him a large number of followers in the West. Among the Tibetans however, Dalai Lamas words still remains law, and he can be both severe and strict about behaviour and beliefs. The reputation of Dalai Lama in China is somehow very different. The Dalai Lama fled into exile in 1959 during a failed uprising against Chinese rule. He was granted asylum in Dharamsala in northern India which has become home to the Tibetan Government-in-exile. The Chinese embassy (in Reading 7.5), points out that the local government of Tibet headed by the Dalai representing feudal serfdom under theocracy and has long since been replaced by the democratic administration by the Tibetan people themselves and the destiny and future can no longer be decided by the Dalai Lama and his clique. (Reading 7.5 in Waterhouse, 2008, p. 228). Tibet is still under Chinese rule and the majority of people in Lhasa are Chinese, ruled by a Chinese selected Panchen Lama which of whom the Dalai Lama does not recognize as it is by tradition the Dalai Lama who is responsible for the search of the new Panchen Lama and vice versa. This fact has great implications when it comes to searching for the successor of a particular person, and if I die before Tibetans regain their freedom, they might not have use for a Dalai Lama anymore, the Dalai Lama points out. (words 658) Bibliography Dalai Lama-Searching for a reincarnated Lama, (2008) AA100 DVD Video Waterhouse, H. (2008) The Dalai Lama in Moohan, E. (ed.), Reputations (AA100 Book 1), Milton Keynes, The Open University, pp. 197-229. Part 2 the Faber Book of Beasts Compare the following poems: The Mouses Nest by John Clare and To a Mouse, On Turning her up in her Nest, With the plough, November, 1785 by Robert Burns, from The Faber Book of Beasts. In no more than 600 words compare and contrast how these poems depict mice. In John Clares poem we are having the speaker describing in detail an incident on a farm, probably a childhood memory. The speaker finds a ball of grass among the hay and wishfully hopes to find a bird, but instead of a bird, a mouse comes out with all her babies hanging at her teats. Shocked and disgusted by the look of something so odd and so grotesque (line 7) he runs away. In Burnss poem on the other hand the speaker is clearly a man, a farmer, who accidently destroys a mouses nest when ploughing the field. Feeling guilty, he assures the mouse that he will not try to kill it. The whole poem is written as a speech, as the farmer is speaking to the mouse, whilst John Clares, is more of a written observation from a memory. John Clare has written his poem in a non-conventional sonnet form. There are 14 lines within this single stanza poem and grouped into 7 rhyming couplets. The lines in this single stanza are of similar length, and with an end rhyme scheme of AABBCCDDEEFFGG, which gives the effect of strong sense of order and regularity. The rhythm is influenced hugely by the use of iambic pentameter with the combination of stressed and unstressed syllables. Although there is no formal punctuation it feels easy to read, as the phrases finish at the end of the line. Robert Burnss is a vernacular poem, and in contrast to Clares single stanza, contains 8 stanzas. Each stanza has 6 lines, of which line 4 and 6 are deliberately shorter. The rhyme scheme is AAABAB, and mainly iambic pentameter. The rhythm remains the same throughout the poem. Burns has used a combination of exclamation marks, commas, periods, colons and semicolon. The language in Clares poem is largely simple and colloquial with the use of some dialect words like proged, agen and oer. The imagery is simple and familiar, described merely as an observation. After the mouse has returned to her nest, everything goes back to normal, describing the surroundings and finishing off with; And broad old cesspools glittered in the sun (line 14). In contrast to Clare, Burns has used lots of different literary devices when writing his poem. o, what a panics in thy breastie! (line 1-2), the sentence finishes with an apostrophe, a common device used in poetry when a poet addresses something that is not able to respond. The repeated B sound in bickering brattle (line 4) is an example of alliteration to describe the angry mouses chattering. Burn does not only personify the mouse, he also personifies the pattle as a murdring pattle (line 6), though we know, the speaker would be the one to murder the mouse, not the pattle. The speaker draws a connection between himself and the mouse through analogy when he says; At me, thy poor, earth-born companion, An fellow-mortal! (line 11-12) Meaning that they both were born on earth, and are both mortal, so they should get along. The farmer speaks to the mouse as if it were a human and compares his troubles to those of the mouses. But Mousie, thou art no thy-lane (line 37, stanza 8) Pointing out that; the mouse is not alone of wanting to plan for the future, but sometimes things do not go according to plan, whether you are a mouse or man. Still, thou art blest, compard wi me! (line 43, stanza 8) Saying the mouse is better off, because the mouse lives in the present moment, whilst himself, is looking back at the past with regret, and into the future with fear. In short, both poems are depicting farm life and mice, however, Burns decided to romanticise his encounter with the mouse, whilst Clare on the other hand, wanted to show that nature is what it is, and nothing more, subsequently he saw no reason to humanise his mouse like Burns has done with his mousie. (words 659)

Job-Sharing Essay -- Employment Work Essays

Job Sharing One may puzzle when asked, what is job sharing? Although the question may sound strange, it is because we are more familiar with the phrase flexible work. Nevertheless, job-sharing is part of flexible work. Job-sharing is a system of work where two people take the responsibility for one full-time position, dividing work, pay, holidays and other benefits between them according to the time they work.1 It is a viable option when ordinary part-time work is not, that is, when organizational needs require the job to be filled on a full-time basis, but not necessarily by only one person. The job is split to meet the needs of the sharers and of the job itself. Moreover, Job-sharing is a staffing arrangement that is flexible to staff members’ work schedules. Typically two incumbents, each working on staff-appointed part-time basis, share a full time position. While the idea has been around for a while, organizations throughout the country are been more reception to it more than ever be fore. Job-sharing first became an issue when workers in dual-income households found conflicts with family obligations. Job-sharing options were a means of keeping valued employees on board and avoiding unnecessary recruitment and training costs. Today, organizations are finding out that job-sharing carries its own rewards.2 BODY: Whether you are in a public, non-profit, or private sector, your organization may be effected by job-sharing. According to a job-sharing study conducted in April 1994 by Conference Board, a business research organization based in New York City, 74 percent of 131 companies surveyed, offered job-sharing options. The survey found that compatibility of job-sharers, strong communication skills, trust ... ...retrain them. OPINION: In my opinion, job-sharing is something every business should participate in because it saves jobs; it saves companies money on overtime pays; it is more profitable than layoffs and; companies can keep trained employees. It may be important to believe that in the future, employers will be more receptive to job sharing professionals. BIBLIOGRAGPY 1 â€Å"Work and Family Responsibility: Adjusting the Balance.† CCH 1994. 2 â€Å"Job Sharing Offers Unique Challenges.† HR Magazine. Elizabeth Shelly. 1996. 3 â€Å"Job Sharing in Education.† Clearing House 52 January 1993: 223-225. 4 â€Å"The Way The (Part-Time) World Works in Workplace.† ACTU Magazine, Winter 1993. 5 â€Å"Job Sharing for Teachers.† Working Women 2 (July 1994): 65. 6 â€Å"Flexible Working Time and Family Life: A Review of Changes:, McRae, Susan. 1989, Oxford.

Mentor Interview Essay

Rural Education Access Program as a Financial Administrator to give me wisdom and experience to transform my success. Most of the time when a child Is released by parents to go study at a tertiary level they are given advice on how they should conduct themselves in order to be successful in their studies and also in the workplace, this is when the experience of the elders or the ones that have gone through the Journey takes place.Ocean Robbins wrote, â€Å"l want to awaken the passion and creativity of youth , combine it with the wisdom, experience and insight of elders, and transform our world. † In order to succeed or be competent In academics you need to have certain skills that you will utilize and he mentioned a few which Is to have listening skill, Group-working skill and Communication skill where these skills help during lectures and amongst fellow students. Nicholas stated, â€Å"And most of all It Is to have resilience so that what ever comes in your way you do not g ive up but keep on pushing until one achieves that goal†.One other skills that I think has mad my school life better is planning whatever task I am about to do, and to make sure that I follow it. Throughout the interview Nicholas mentions that the Job he does entails most of the above mentioned skills as he works in a finance department of an organization where he has to communicate with deferent departments regarding payments and other financial tasks to the organization like communicating with creditors and stakeholders.This also requires one to be able to work as a team. Clearly has mentioned In one of her books that â€Å"communication Is always purposeful and that the purpose in business communication is to inform, to persuade and to create goodwill† (Eileen et al. , 1999,p. 8). Without communication I do not think we as people e would be able to share knowledge amongst each other.For Nicholas, participation at school really played a bigger role In his success and as part of his memories about school, mentioning that he attended a self-development camp at EDUCE,meeting with mentors and coaches, making sure that he works hard memory he says he will never forget was graduating with 10 Pioneers as it was quite an achievement because they all have gone through some challenges. I can truly relate to this because I have seen how effective it is to take part in development programmed where I get to learn more about my strengths and weaknesses as well s leadership skills.One other aspect he still has about school is the battle of finding a way to balance work life and academics. Nicholas writes, â€Å"l had to work as no one was working at home, and also having a lot of work but limited time†. Which makes me realize that if he can do it through those battles, nothing could stop me from making my own dreams come true. According to Nicholas, the importance of time management is being able to meet due dates on assignments by so you are also reduc ing stress and pressure. He said this also reflects on the quality of work be it in the workplace or assignments at University on how well did one do.Victor Hugo wrote, â€Å"He who every morning plans the transactions of that day and follows that plan carries a thread that will guide him through the labyrinth of the most busy life†. This is true because by not being mindful of my time I realize that there's no enough time to modify or rectify my ideas and Just end up aiming to pass or get the task done and not do exceptionally well instead. He says he still applies time management even in his work life and believes that he wouldn't be able to produce quality work without managing his time well.According to L. Callisthenic (Blobs: March 12, 2012) â€Å"Life is such a wonderful, beautiful thing ND it's made out of time. That's why wasting time is essentially wasting life. I mean, time management is about so much more than organizing papers. It's about making the most of your life†. Through his talk I have come to realize that managing my time well somehow has created self-discipline for my work, because this serves as guidance to what happens tomorrow and in order to prove my discipline for that plan I have to fulfill it.He feels that time management does not go alone in the workplace, you have to be able to balance all your skills and that requires a skill also. He mentioned them eying it is team-working skills, communication skills, leadership skills, networking skills and a skill to handle work individually. He feels that the fact that you have gotten a qualification does not guarantee that you will get work, that is why these skills are important so that you can be competent amongst other employees but most of all to do your work very well.I think if I could put these skills to life in general and master them in my life, I can be able to apply them easily in the workplace. It is very easy to apply these skills in the workplace if you are deter mined and know hat you want to achieve, what is nice is that I work with different individuals who your position in an organization, says Nicholas. Leadership has been ranked as the 12th essential skill in the workplace out of 16 skills ( Employment skills for the 21st century workplace,2012).Dealing with different individuals has opened a lot of doors for me in terms of knowing myself and how to work with others even here at school. I still apply these skills at work in order to work well, and to have a better relationship with my manager and colleagues. But learn to always accept that you may not get hem all correct, but as long as you are doing what is working for your work. I think it is essential that one knows what skills they are very good a so they can enhance them, and rise at the top in terms of competency.Before this interview I thought I knew everything that one needs in order to succeed academically and also at work, which is to â€Å"study', not realizing that is not all I need. But I have found out there is still a lot to learn from mentors. This interview has served as the first step to learning from those that have knowledge. The most interesting thing I have learnt also is to have control over your future, and strive to earn more from others. Overall, I trust that all this information will assist me in transforming and making my dreams come true, both at school and at work.

Media Unit (Bond) By Zac Southwood Essays

Media Unit (Bond) By Zac Southwood Essays Media Unit (Bond) By Zac Southwood Essay Media Unit (Bond) By Zac Southwood Essay For my media unit, I have chosen to study the opening sequence of Tomorrow Never Dies a James Bond film. I will describe and evaluate the dramatic techniques used in the sequence. I have studied the social and cinematic background to the James Bond movies as spy films and as the originators of their own genre The action spy adventure. I have watched the video of Tomorrow Never Dies, paying particular attention to the timings. I have also watched the video of Mission Impossible Two also paying attention timings. Hereinafter Mission Impossible Two will be referred to as MI2 and Tomorrow Never Dies as TND. I have studied the shooting script for TND and the original screenplay for Bond 18 later named TND.The opening scene of TND was set in a terrorist arms bazaar on the Russian border. James Bond has been sent there to identify terrorist suspects, a camera had been concealed with a satellite link to Headquarters in London where the mission was being controlled by British military office rs alongside British intelligence controllers. By way of the camera HQ was able to identify many of the worlds most dangerous terrorists and armaments they were trading. Admiral Roebuck decided that this was now a military matter and immediately ordered a missile strike to take out the whole bazaar. A scene showing the missile launch from an offshore battleship followed where it was stressed that from launch there was 4 minutes and 8 seconds to impact.Admiral Roebuck informed M the controller of British intelligence to get her man out of there and that he had 4 minutes and 8 seconds to do so. A message was sent to Bond, however further camera surveillance revealed that one of the jets at the bazaar had two Soviet nuclear torpedoes as part of its payload which should the missile strike would make Chernobyl look like a picnic. From the time that the missile strike was launched the events that followed took place in real time with the film sequence running exactly 4 minutes and 8 secon ds. Bond decided to do his job having realised the potential disaster he fights his way to the jet destroying arms and killing terrorists along the way. He boards the jet and flies it with its dangerous cargo out of the scene in precisely 4 minutes and 8 seconds just avoiding the missile impact.R Spottiswoode the director used many dramatic techniques to make the sequence as exciting and tense as possible. Admiral Roebuck is portrayed as an arrogant man who acts in haste at the same time as M is shown to be worried that his actions may be risky. The interaction between the characters creates dramatic tension with M being cautious and Roebuck gung-ho the resultant mistake confirms Ms fears. The conversation between Tanner and Bond, which leads to the revealing of the torpedoes and realisation dawning on, a now equally worried Roebuck ensures and enhances our realisation that there now really is a problem and great danger exists. Admiral Roebucks attempt to recall the missile and the failure of the missile to respond dramatically exposes the deadline of 4 minutes 8 seconds and Bonds reaction as now being crucial.Spottiswoode now emphasises the scene by having long shots tracking the missile as screen time runs in real time. Bonds time and our time as the audience are the same, this emphasises that Bond has an apparently impossible mission to accomplish in less than 4 minutes with a real countdown going on. Spottiswoodes techniques are in direct contrast to MI2 where there are also three time sequences and countdowns. Firstly a scene where Hunt has 40 seconds to penetrate the Atrium in fact runs to over two minutes of screen time. A further scene gives 10 seconds to get out of a bombed van which runs for 26 seconds and finally a 8 minute scene with Hunt isolated running 6 minutes and 30 seconds. None of these run in real time and run in a kind of slow motion, which is not as effective and exciting.Spottiswoode further enhances the excitement and tension with his use of cinematic techniques during the 4 minute 8 second sequence. He uses music during the scenes at headquarters to heighten the threat and tension along with the familiar James Bond theme music when Bond appears. The use of sound is also important with the commotion at the bazaar whilst fighting and the sound of the approaching missile all create excitement, which is then contrasted with the silence aboard ship, which emphasises the countdown to impact. The use of lighting with red light aboard the ship indicating a sinister danger and the shadowy headquarters where only the characters of M and Tanner are well lit, to indicate their worry, further sets up the atmosphere of the scene.The way the film has been cut and edited has all added to the sequence, short violent scenes without fades and dissolves are contrasted with longer scenes concentrating on the missile and M who is clearly worried. This theme is carried on with the action sequences being full of movement and increasing use of explosions and gunfire as opposed to shots of M standing very still and simply conveying her sentiment. Some of the shots used which are in extreme close-up for example a fist punching, a hand throwing, a hand planting a magnetic grenade, a face thinking, eyes narrowing created with rapid cuts and editing help to give pace to the sequence. We are therefore able to identify with Bond and the real time task that confronts him because it is in real time and the director has used virtually everything at his disposal, our tension is heightened by the impossibility of the task and increasing hope that Bond and we are going to pull it off.To conclude we know from the script that Real time is directors choice as there were originally only 2 minutes to impact. In fact the original script and shooting script was cut back by 10 pages and more to focus on this sequence. We can observe how the effect is heightened by techniques of rapid editing between scenes along with contrasting the a ction between explosive and silent and all running in real time, the audience is left spellbound. I found that this approach as opposed to type of slow motion sequences in MI2 to be more effective and enjoyable.

Free Essays on Doing Bussiness In France

Free Essays on Doing Bussiness In France The purpose of this paper is to provide the audience with information that will help the reader with possible future meetings while doing business in France. The content of this paper will provide general information about France including; a basic geographic summary, helpful information focusing on business customs and practices and the differences and interesting cultural facts about France. Geographical Overview France is located in Western Europe; it borders the Bay of Biscay and the English Channel, located between Belgium and Spain southeast of the United Kingdom; bordering the Mediterranean Sea which is located between Italy and Spain. France has a temperate climate from being located mid-way between the North Pole and the equator. The Mediterranean coast makes the climate have typically cool winters and mild summers, however many places in France do get extremely hot summers and bitterly cold winters. The mountain areas of France have a tendency to be colder with a considerable amount of rain and snow. France has a terrain of mostly flat plains or gently rolling hills in the north and west of the country. The remainder of the country is very mountainous specifically the Pyrenees in the south and the Alps in the east. France is approximately 212,000 (plus) square miles in size with a population of 59,800,000. The capital of France is Paris with a population of more than 8.7 million people. Business Customs and Practices The French are very formal, in both dress and manners. The details do not matter to the French but rather it is the overall affect that matters. The French do not get on a first name basis quickly; they see informality as becoming too pushy and view it as a loss of respect. While Americans try to not interrupt the French on the other hand like to do many things as the same time and will constantly interrupt one another. This behavior not only occurs in business settings but also in soc...

Marketing communications plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Marketing communications plan - Essay Example This paper includes the analysis of the market situation, marketing and communications objectives, recommended strategy, targeting/segmentation issues, tactics and actions plans, and people resources implications; lastly, is the deployment of the budget and rationale, the critical path of the plan activities and a crucial part of monitoring and measurement activities. The digital audio device market constitutes an annual growth rate of 25% in the hi-fi product market. â€Å"Portable digital audio devices...are becoming very popular with young people, with a projected worldwide market size of 20 million units by 2005† (Mourjopoulos, 2005, p.303). Blackberry maker Research in Motion (RIM) is the chosen based company that will enter the hi-fi audio market. In terms of market gap, Blackberry is stable and one of the fastest growing companies in the consumer electronics market. In the recent Smartphone market shares survey, Blackberry is in the second place with a market share of 17.8% (What hi-fi? Sounds and Vision, 2010). In the worldwide mobile phone market, Blackberry is at the fourth place with a 100 millionth shipped device. There are many predictions that Blackberry will be left behind by its competitors because â€Å"RIM services are pretty left behind with less attractiveness as well as loyalty from both developers and customers† (TMart Es, 2010). Because competition is very tight, Blackberry is now in total market share protection mode just like by making some of its product inexpensive (Dunewood, 2010). With this kind of performance, rest assured that it would not be difficult for RIM to introduce the new range of hi-fi audio products under Blackberry’s brand name. Blackberry’s usual target market is the business professionals and high income executives; however, the younger age groups will be added as the new target consumer group for hi-fi equipments. The range will be targeting the young generation because these

Medical Group Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Medical Group Analysis - Essay Example Different points of view of each group contribute to establish a level on which each group functions or does not function, and to see how interaction in the group and interaction of that group with the society has an influence in the efficiency of medical care. The importance of each group can be observed through close analysis of its interaction with society and itself. Therefore, two important aspects can be differentiated. The micro-level interaction in the groups explains the working conditions, while at a macro level it explains their purpose in society and the potentials and problems of globalization. Although modern nursing was created a little more than a hundred years ago, mostly by the enormous contribution of Florence Nightingale during the Crimean War, the foundations of nursing were laid many centuries before the publication of the first nursing guidelines. Nursing and its formation as a science is closely related to and must be placed within a sociological perspective; the desire to help the sick and injured is a continuing sociological phenomena, dating back to the formation of the first civilizations. A fine example is the effort of nuns and other clergy during the middle ages, which essentially performed the duties of modern nurses. Society and science may have changed over the ages, but the necessity for a specific medical group that cares, both for the physical and psychological well-being, of the sick is always present. The 1.3 million registered nurses working in hospitals in the United States, and the ever growing demand is a natural results of the necessity of nu rses (Steinbrook, 2002). Much research is done into the micro-level interaction of nurses and nursing groups in hospitals in order to determine the effectives of the latter. Most of the research was performed through participation observation, and according to one research, it was determined that the hours of nursing care provided by registered nurses is proportional with better care for hospitalized patients (Steinbrook, 2002). Also, the larger number of registered-nurse-hours per day or licensed-nurse-hours per day is associated with a lower rate of failure to rescue critical patients. Studies have also reported a correlation between higher levels of staffing by nurses and lower mortality and lower rates of other outcomes. According to another research, however, conducted amongst surgical patients, no evidence was found of an association between in-hospital mortality and the proportion of registered-nurse-hours, leading to the conclusion that mortality is not connected with good care of nurses but with oth er health care group. If we observe two different hospitals, where we can determine the symbolic interaction between different nursing groups, we are supposed to consider other unmeasured factors with higher levels of staffing by registered nurses or other unmeasured characteristics of the hospitals' nursing work force. The level of staffing by nurses is an incomplete measure of the quality of nursing care in hospitals. Other factors, such as effective communication between nurses and physicians and a positive work environment, have been found to influence patients' outcomes. The outcomes for which we found